3D Antenna for Integrated Circuits

ABSTRACT

An antenna comprises a first layer having a first redistribution layer, a feeding line, a ground connection element, and one or more antenna inputs. The antenna also comprises one or more intermediate layers over the first layer. The antenna further comprises a second layer having a second redistribution layer over the one or more intermediate layers. The antenna additionally comprises one or more through vias arranged to communicatively couple the second redistribution layer and the first redistribution layer. The antenna also comprises a short element. The antenna further comprises one or more radiator antennas within the one or more through vias, the one or more radiator antennas being in communication with the one or more antenna inputs by way of the feeding line.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/380,330, filed on Dec. 15, 2016, entitled “3D Antenna for Integrated Circuits,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/075,252, filed on Nov. 8, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,537,205, issued on Jan. 3, 2017, entitled “3D Antenna for Integrated Circuits,” which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Device manufacturers are continually challenged to deliver value and convenience to consumers by, for example, providing quality wireless communication antennas that offer efficient performance and reduced size. Conventional on-die and on-substrate antennas often associated with integrated circuits limit the capable range and quality of various wireless communications and inhibit the continual development of integrated circuits designed to occupy a minimal space.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not by limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, wherein elements having the same reference numeral designations represent like elements throughout. It is emphasized that, in accordance with standard practice in the industry various features may not be drawn to scale and are used for illustration purposes only. In fact, the dimensions of the various features in the drawings may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1A is a diagram of a three-dimensional antenna in a wafer-level structure, in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 1B is a diagram of a three-dimensional antenna having a feeding line and a ground connection element in a first redistribution layer, in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a three-dimensional antenna having a plurality of patch walls, in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a stacked three-dimensional antenna, in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a helical three-dimensional antenna, in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an integrated circuit having a RF die and an array of three-dimensional antennas surrounding the RF die, in accordance with one or more embodiments; and

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process associated with forming a three-dimensional antenna, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the invention. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are examples and are not intended to be limiting.

Some wireless communication antennas include on-die antennas and/or on-substrate antennas. On-die antennas are large with respect to certain radio frequency (RF) dies with which on-die antennas are associated. On-die antennas also have poor “gain” such as −3 dBi because of loss to a silicon material which often makes up the die.

Gain is a performance parameter that combines an antenna's directivity and electrical efficiency. As a transmitting antenna, gain describes how well the antenna converts input power into radio waves headed in a specified direction. As a receiving antenna, gain describes how well the antenna converts radio waves arriving from a specified direction into electrical power. When no direction is specified, gain is understood to refer to the peak value of the gain. Gain is a passive phenomenon. Power is not added by the antenna, but rather is redistributed to provide more radiated power in a certain direction than would be transmitted by an isotropic antenna. High-gain antennas have the advantage of longer range and better signal quality. Low-gain antennas have a shorter range.

Poor efficiency, such as an efficiency of only 30%, is common for most on-die antennas having a gain on the order of −3 dBi. This poor efficiency and lost gain limit a potential communication distance of an on-die antenna.

On-substrate antennas offer gain of about 0 dBi which is an improvement over on-die antennas because loss to the silicon die, for example, is eliminated or minimized, but on-substrate antennas are even larger than on-die antennas, not only in length and width, but also height.

Accordingly, an antenna according to one or more embodiments that improves gain beyond both the loss experienced by common on-die antennas and the 0 dBi gain offered by on-substrate antennas while being packaged in a wafer-level structure would be advantageous to improve antenna and communication performance, reduce die size, and reduce manufacturing costs.

FIG. 1A is a diagram of a three-dimensional antenna 100 in a wafer-level structure, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The antenna 100 comprises a first layer 101 comprising a first redistribution layer 103, a feeding line 105, a ground connection element 107, and one or more antenna inputs 109.

The antenna 100 also comprises one or more layers 111 over the first layer 101 and a second layer 113 comprising a second redistribution layer 115 over the one or more intermediate layers in. The antenna 100 further includes one or more through vias 117 connecting one or more layers in first layer 101 with one or more layers in second layer 113 and a short element 119. One or more radiator antennas 123 are disposed within the one or more through vias 117. The one or more radiator antennas 123 are in communication with the one or more antenna inputs 109 by way of the feeding line 105. In some embodiments, the one or more radiator antennas 123 comprise a conductive material comprising one or more of gold, copper, cobalt, aluminum, or other suitable material.

The one or more through vias 117 are arranged to communicatively couple the second redistribution layer 115 and the first redistribution layer 103 through the one or more intermediate layers 111. As such, in some embodiments, the one or more through vias 117 comprise one or more of through silicon vias (TSV), inter-layer vias (ILV), through glass vias (TGV), through molding vias (TMV), or other type of via formed through a material of a layer of the antenna 100 such as, but not limited to, glass, polymers, silicon, other substrate materials, silicon interposers, silicon-on-insulators, high resistivity silicon, package/assembly materials, encapsulating materials, epoxies, and the like that are included in any intermediate layer 111, first layer 101, second layer 113, or other layer associated with an integrated circuit with which the antenna 100 is associated or a layer of the antenna 100.

In some embodiments, the one or more through vias 117 are orthogonal with respect to a surface of the first layer 101. In other embodiments, the one or more through vias are arranged in a different orientation with respect to first layer 101. In some embodiments, the one or more through vias 117 are all arranged having a same orientation with respect to a surface of the first layer 101. In other embodiments, some of the one of more through vias 117 are arranged in a crisscross pattern or webbed pattern.

Though illustrated as having at least four through vias 117, the quantity of through vias 117, in some embodiments, is as few as one, while in other embodiments the quantity of through vias 117 is a positive, non-zero integer N. As such, while the first redistribution layer 103 and the second redistribution layer 115 are illustrated as coupling some of the through vias 117 and materials therein, the first redistribution layer 103 and/or the second redistribution layer 115 are configured, in some embodiments, to isolate at least some of the through vias 117. For example, portions of the first redistribution layer 103 and/or the second redistribution layer 115, such as those within the illustrated dashed lines in each of the first redistribution layer 103 and the second redistribution layer 115, are capable of being excluded from the redistribution layers 103, 115 to isolate particular through vias 117.

The antenna 100 is a monopole antenna. In some embodiments, the antenna 100 comprises through via 117 to form a monopole antenna. In other embodiments, the antenna 100 is a monopole antenna including more than one through via 117, the monopole antenna structure being dependent on an arrangement of the more than one through vias. In further embodiments, the antenna 100 is a multiple patch antenna. In other embodiments, the antenna 100 is a dipole antenna.

In some embodiments, the first redistribution layer 103 is arranged in the first layer 101 to comprise the feeding line 105 and the ground connection element 107. In some embodiments, the ground connection element 107 is a separately formed element from the first redistribution layer 103.

In some embodiments, the short element 119 is configured to adjust a bandwidth of the antenna 100. The bandwidth of the antenna 100 is adjustable based, at least in part, on a sizing and/or positioning of the short element 119. For example, the short element 119 is configurable to have any length, width and height. A variation in the length, width and/or height of the short element 119 to a specified combination of values causes the antenna 100 to be set at a specific bandwidth. Alternatively, or in addition to size variation, the placement of the short element 119 in the antenna 100 causes the antenna 100 to be set at a particular predetermined bandwidth.

The short element 119 of the antenna 100 is in the second layer 113. In some embodiments, the short element 119 is one or more of in the first layer 101 or in the second layer 113. In some embodiments, the first redistribution layer 103 is configured to comprise the short element 119 and/or the second redistribution layer 115 is configured to comprise the short element 119. In other embodiments, the short element 119 is a separately formed element from the first redistribution layer 103 and the second redistribution layer 115.

In various embodiments, the one or more intermediate layers 111 comprise a molding compound, one or more dielectric layers, one or more isolation layers, or any other layer or type of layer included in a chip package, or any combination thereof comprising any suitable material.

In some embodiments, the antenna 100 is co-manufactured with the wafer level process, making it possible to eliminate an additional process for forming an antenna, and thereby simplifying manufacturing processes associated with antenna formation. Additionally, the antenna 100 is vertical on the wafer-level package making it possible to have an antenna that is relatively small in form factor compared to a RF die with which the antenna 100 is associated.

The antenna 100, having radiator antennas formed in the wafer-level have an improved gain of about 3 dBi, which is a significant improvement over the conventional on-die antenna having a gain of −3 dBi and the conventional on-substrate antenna having a gain of 0 dBi. The gain of about 3 dBi is adjustable to achieve a particular predetermined gain based on a positioning of the one or more through vias 117, for example. Further, the antenna 100 being at the wafer-level and incorporated into the various layers of an integrated circuit facilitates better die-to-antenna routing capabilities, for example by way of the one or more antenna inputs 109 in the first layer 101 that an on-substrate antenna cannot provide.

FIG. 1B is a diagram of a three-dimensional antenna 100 having feeding line 105 and the ground connection element 107 in the first redistribution layer 103, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The antenna 100, in this example embodiment, comprises only one radiator antenna 123 and is a monopole antenna.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a three-dimensional antenna 200 having a plurality of patch walls, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The three-dimensional antenna 200 comprises a first row of radiator antennas 123 a having at least two radiator antennas 123 communicatively coupled by a first portion of the second redistribution layer 115 a, the first row of radiator antennas 123 a configured to be a patch wall 201. The first row of radiator antennas 123 a is communicatively coupled to the feeding line 105 at least by way of a primary radiator antenna 203, the primary radiator antenna 203 being one of the radiator antennas of the first row of radiator antennas 123 a. The three-dimensional antenna 200 also includes a second row of radiator antennas 123 b having at least two radiator antennas 123 offset from the first row of radiator antennas 123 a. The second row of radiator antennas 123 b is communicatively coupled by a second portion of the second redistribution layer 115 b. The second row of radiator antennas 123 b is configured to be a ground wall 205. The second row of radiator antennas 123 b is communicatively coupled to the ground connection element 107 by one or more of the radiator antennas in the second row of radiator antennas 123 b.

The antenna 200 further comprises a third row of radiator antennas 123 c having at least two radiator antennas 123 communicatively coupled by a third portion of the second redistribution layer 115 c and a first portion of the first redistribution layer 103 (see FIG. 1) the third row of radiator antennas 123 c configured to be a second patch wall 207. The antenna 200 also comprises a fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d having at least two radiator antennas 123 communicatively coupled by a fourth portion of the second redistribution layer 115 d and a second portion of the first redistribution layer 103 (see FIG. 1). The fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d is configured to be a third patch wall 209. The third row of radiator antennas 123 c is parallel to the first row of radiator antennas 123 a and the fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d is parallel to the third row of radiator antennas 123 c. In various embodiments, the antenna 200 comprises N rows of radiator antennas 123 configured to be any quantity of patch walls and/or ground walls.

In various embodiments, a spacing Hsa between the first patch wall 201 and the second patch wall 207 is uniform with a spacing Hsb between the second patch wall 207 and the third patch wall 209 is configured to be uniform. In other embodiments, the spacing Hsa and Hsb between the patch walls 201, 207 and 209 is different. In some embodiments, the spacing Hsa and Hsb is configured to be from about 1/12 to 1/10 of the wavelength communicated to the antenna 200. The spacing between the patch walls 201, 207 and 209 affects the capacitance behavior of the patch walls 201, 207, 209. If the spacing is too close, then the capacitance behavior could cause interference with communication of a signal by way of the antenna 200. Accordingly, the spacing between the patch walls 201, 207, 209 is established at any distance as long as interfering capacitance behavior is avoided.

In some embodiments, the third row of radiator antennas 123 c and/or the fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d are not coupled to one another, the first row of radiator antennas 123 a, and/or the feeding line 105. The non-connected third row of radiator antennas 123 c and/or fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d are configured to increase the gain of the antenna 200 and a direction of focus of the antenna 200. In some embodiments, a spacing between the radiator antennas 123 of each row of radiator antennas 123 a, 123 b, 123 c and 123 d is uniform. In other embodiments, the spacing between the radiator antennas 123 of each row of radiator antennas 123 is as small as possible to avoid interference between radiator antennas 123 in a same row of radiator antennas to make each of the patch walls 201, 207 and 209 perform like a sheeted material when faced with a communicated frequency. For example, in some embodiments, the spacing between radiator antennas 123 in a same row of radiator antennas such as the first row of radiator antennas 123 a is about ⅛ of the wavelength or less. In other embodiments, the spacing between the radiator antennas 123 in a same row of radiator antennas such as the first row of radiator antennas 123 a is greater than ⅛ of the wavelength, however.

In some embodiments, the antenna 200 further comprises a third portion of the first redistribution layer 103 c. The third row of radiator antennas 123 c is communicatively coupled to the fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d by the third portion of the first redistribution layer 103 c. The antenna 200 also comprises a fifth portion of the second redistribution layer 115 e. The third row of radiator antennas is communicatively coupled to the first row of radiator antennas 123 a by the fifth portion of the second redistribution layer 115 e. In this example, coupling the third row of radiator antennas 123 c and/or the fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d creates a meandering patch wall that contiguously includes the fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d, the third row of radiator antennas 123 c, and the first row of radiator antennas 123 a resulting in a monopole antenna.

The second redistribution layer 115 is arranged to comprise the short element 119. The first row of radiator antennas 123 a is communicatively coupled to the second row of radiator antennas 123 b by the short element 119. The short element 119, as discussed above, is configured to adjust a bandwidth of the antenna 200.

Various implementations of the antenna 200, having exemplary dimensions such as those discussed below, are capable of achieving gain values that significantly out perform common on-die and/or on-substrate antennas. For example, an antenna 200 having isolated patch walls 201, 207 and 209 discussed above, a dielectric material dielectric constant (Dk)=about 4 to about 6, dissipation factor (DF)=about 0.004 to about 0.006, a Patch wall size=about 800 μm to about 1200 μm×about 300 μm to about 800 μm, a Ground wall size=about 800 μm to about 1200 μm×about 300 μm to about 800 μm, a TAV height=about 400 μm to about 800 μm, and a TAV diameter/spacing=(about 10 μm to about 30 μm)/(about 40 μm to about 60 μm) is capable of yielding a Center frequency of about 80 GHz to about 120 GHz and an Antenna gain>about 3 dBi to about 7 dBi.

Similarly, various implementations of the antenna 200 configured having the short element 119 arranged in the second redistribution layer 115, the second patch wall 207 coupled to the first patch wall 201, and the third patch wall 209 coupled to the second patch wall 207, as discussed above, are also capable of achieving gain values that significantly out perform common on-die and/or on-substrate antennas. For example, an antenna 200 having the aforementioned configuration and a dielectric material dielectric constant (Dk)=about 4 to about 6, dissipation factor (DF)=about 0.004 to about 0.006, a Patch wall size=about 800 to about 1200 μm×about 300 μm to about 800 μm, a Ground wall size=about 800 μm to about 1200 μm×about 300 μm to about 800 μm, a TAV height=about 400 μm to about 800 μm, and a TAV diameter/spacing=(about 10 μm to about 30 μm) /(about 40 μm to about 60 μm) is capable of yielding a Center frequency of about 130 GHz to about 170 GHz and an Antenna gain>about 2 dBi to about 6 dBi.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a stacked three-dimensional antenna 300, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The antenna 300 includes the antenna 100/200 discussed above and a third layer 301 over the second layer 113. The third layer 301 is communicatively coupled to the fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d, for example, by a first bonding coupling 303. The third layer 301 is also communicatively coupled to the second row of radiator antennas 123 b by a second bonding coupling 305. The third layer 301 includes a third redistribution layer 307.

In some embodiments, the third layer 301 is communicatively coupled to any or all of the rows of radiator antennas 123 by way of any quantity of bonding couplings. In various embodiments, the bonding coupling comprise any combination of copper wire structure(s), solder ball structure(s), solder ball-copper pillar joint bump structure(s), copper pillar-copper pillar joint bump structure(s), or any other suitable joinder or coupling structure.

The antenna 300 further includes a fourth layer 309 over the third layer 301 and/or one or more additional intermediate layers 310. The fourth layer 309 comprises a fourth redistribution layer 313. The antenna 300 includes a fifth row of radiator antennas 315 between the third layer 301 and the fourth layer 309. The fifth row of radiator antennas 315 is communicatively coupled by one or more of a first portion of the third redistribution layer 307 a and a first portion of the fourth redistribution layer 313 a. The fifth row of radiator antennas 315 having at least two radiator antennas 123 is communicatively coupled to the fourth row of radiator antennas 123 d by the first bonding coupling 303. In some embodiments, the fifth row of radiator antennas 315 is configured to be a fourth patch wall 317.

The antenna 300 includes a sixth row of radiator antennas 319 between the third layer 301 and the fourth layer 309. The sixth row of radiator antennas 319 is communicatively coupled by one or more of a second portion of the third redistribution layer 307 b and a second portion of the fourth redistribution layer 313 b. The sixth row of radiator antennas 319 having at least two radiator antennas 123 is communicatively coupled to the second row of radiator antennas 123 b by the second bonding coupling 305. The sixth row of radiator antennas 319 is configured to be a second ground wall 321.

In various embodiments, the antenna 300 is configured to comprise any quantity of rows of radiator antennas 123 and/or layers various arrangements of radiator antennas 123. The examples described are merely exemplary and are not intended to be limiting in any way.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a helical three-dimensional antenna 400, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The antenna 400 comprises radiator antennas 123 offset from one another with respect to an orientation of the feeding line 105. Antenna 400 comprises four or more radiator antennas 123. The four or more radiator antennas 123 are arranged in pairs. Some of the radiator antennas 123 forming the pairs are communicatively coupled by one of the first redistribution layer 103 and the second redistribution layer 115. The other radiator antennas 123 forming the pairs of radiator antennas 123 are communicatively coupled by the other of the first redistribution layer 103 and the second redistribution layer 115. The offset of the radiator antennas 123 results in the pairs of radiator antennas 123 that are angled such that the radiator antennas 123 form a helical pattern or orientation. The helical orientation of the antenna 400 is a monopole antenna that is configured to be arranged as a single layer antenna, but is also capable of being stacked such as a part of a multi-level antenna such as that discussed above with respect to antenna 300.

In this example, the feeding line 105 is incorporated into the first redistribution layer 103 and the ground connection element 107.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an integrated circuit 500 having a RF die and an array of three-dimensional antennas surrounding the RF die, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The integrated circuit 500 comprises N antennas 501 having any configuration such as those discussed above arranged around a RF die 503 on a substrate 505. In embodiments, the quantity and positioning of antennas 501 involve any number of quantities and positions around or near the RF die 503. In some embodiments, the substrate 505 is the first layer 101. In other embodiments, the substrate 505 is any other suitable layer or material of the integrated circuit 500 capable of supporting the features of the integrated circuit 500 such as, but not limited to, antenna(s) 501 and RF die 503.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process 600 associated with forming a three-dimensional antenna, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The process begins with step 601 in which a first layer is formed comprising a first redistribution layer, a feeding line, a ground connection element, and one or more antenna inputs. Then, in step 603, one or more intermediate layers are formed over the first layer. Next, in step 605, a second layer is formed comprising a second redistribution layer over the one or more intermediate layers.

The process continues to step 607 in which one or more through vias are formed in the second layer and the one or more intermediate layers to expose a surface of the first redistribution layer. The one or more through vias are arranged to communicatively couple the second redistribution layer and the first redistribution layer. In some embodiments, the one or more through vias are formed by an etching process or any other suitable process for forming through vias in a wafer-level construction Then, in step 609, a short element is formed. In some embodiments, the first redistribution layer is arranged in the first layer to comprise the feeding line, the ground connection element and the short element. Next, in step 611, one or more radiator antennas are input into the one or more through vias. The one or more radiator antennas are communication with the one or more antenna inputs by way of the feeding line.

One aspect of this description relates to antenna comprising a first layer comprising a first redistribution layer, a feeding line, a ground connection element, and one or more antenna inputs. The antenna also comprises one or more intermediate layers over the first layer. The antenna further comprises a second layer comprising a second redistribution layer over the one or more intermediate layers. The antenna additionally comprises one or more through vias arranged to communicatively couple the second redistribution layer and the first redistribution layer. The antenna also comprises a short element. The antenna further comprises one or more radiator antennas within the one or more through vias, the one or more radiator antennas being in communication with the one or more antenna inputs by way of the feeding line.

Another aspect of this description relates to an integrated circuit comprising a RF die; and one or more antennas, the one or more antennas comprising a first layer comprising a first redistribution layer, a feeding line, a ground connection element, and one or more antenna inputs. The one or more antennas also comprise one or more intermediate layers over the first layer. The one or more antennas further comprise a second layer comprising a second redistribution layer over the one or more intermediate layers. The one or more antennas additionally comprise one or more through vias arranged to communicatively couple the second redistribution layer and the first redistribution layer. The one or more antennas also comprise a short element. The one or more antennas further comprise one or more radiator antennas within the one or more through vias, the one or more radiator antennas being in communication with the one or more antenna inputs by way of the feeding line.

Still another aspect of this description relates to a method of forming an antenna, the method comprising forming a first layer comprising a first redistribution layer, a feeding line, a ground connection element, and one or more antenna inputs. The method also comprises forming one or more intermediate layers over the first layer. The method further comprises forming a second layer comprising a second redistribution layer over the one or more intermediate layers. The method additionally comprises etching one or more through vias in the second layer and the one or more intermediate layers to expose a surface of the first redistribution layer, the one or more through vias arranged to communicatively couple the second redistribution layer and the first redistribution layer. The method also comprises forming a short element. The method further comprises inputting one or more radiator antennas into the one or more through vias, the one or more radiator antennas being in communication with the one or more antenna inputs by way of the feeding line.

Still another aspect of this description relates to a device. A device includes a first conductive line in a first layer, one or more intermediate layers over the first layer, a second layer over the one or more intermediate layers, and a plurality of radiator antennas extending through the one or more intermediate layers, the plurality of radiator antennas being in communication with an antenna input. The plurality of radiator antennas includes a first pair of radiator antennas communicatively coupled by a second conductive line in the second layer, wherein the first pair of radiator antennas communicatively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line, and a second pair of radiator antennas communicatively coupled by a third conductive line in the second layer, wherein the third conductive line and the second conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in a top-down view. The plurality of radiator antennas further includes a third pair of radiator antennas communicatively coupled by a fourth conductive line in the second layer, wherein the fourth conductive line is disposed on an opposing side of the second conductive line as the third conductive line, and wherein the second conductive line and the fourth conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in the top-down view.

Still another aspect of this description relates to a device. The device includes a feed line and a ground connection element in a first layer, one or more intermediate layers over the first layer, a second layer over the one or more intermediate layers, and a plurality of radiator antennas extending through the one or more intermediate layers. The plurality of radiator antennas include a first pair of radiator antennas communicatively coupled by a first conductive line in the second layer, wherein at least a primary antenna of the first pair of radiator antennas communicatively couples the feed line to the first conductive line, and a second pair of radiator antennas communicatively coupled by a second conductive line in the second layer, wherein the second conductive line and the first conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in a top-down view, and wherein the second pair of radiator antennas communicatively couples the second conductive line to the ground connection element.

Still another aspect of this description relates to a device. The device includes first conductive lines in a first layer, one or more intermediate layers over the first layer, and a plurality of radiator antennas extending through the one or more intermediate layers. The plurality of radiator antennas include a first row of radiator antennas, a second row of radiator antennas offset from the first row of radiator antennas by a first distance in a top-down view, and a third row of radiator antennas disposed on an opposing side of the first row of radiator antennas as the second row of radiator antennas, wherein the third row of radiator antennas is offset from the first row of radiator antennas by a second distance in a top-down view, and wherein the second distance is substantially equal to the first distance. The device further includes second conductive lines in a second layer over the one or more intermediate layers, wherein the plurality of radiator antennas electrically connects the first conductive lines to the second conductive lines.

Still another aspect of this description relates to a device. The device includes a feed line and a ground connection element in a first layer, one or more intermediate layers over the first layer, a second layer over the one or more intermediate layers, and a first conductive line and a second conductive line in the second layer. The first conductive line and the second conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in a top-down view. The device further includes a plurality of radiator antennas extending through the one or more intermediate layers. The plurality of radiator antennas includes a first row of radiator antennas and a second row of radiator antennas. At least one antenna of the first row of radiator antennas electrically couples the first conductive line to the feed line. At least one antenna of the second row of radiator antennas electrically couples the second conductive line to the ground connection element.

Still another aspect of this description relates to a device. The device includes a first conductive line in a first layer, one or more intermediate layers over the first layer, a second layer over the one or more intermediate layers, and a second conductive line, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line in the second layer. The second conductive line is interposed between the third conductive line and the fourth conductive line. The second conductive line and the third conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in a top-down view. The second conductive line and the fourth conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in the top-down view. The device further includes a plurality of radiator antennas extending through the one or more intermediate layers. The plurality of radiator antennas includes a first row of radiator antennas electrically coupling the first conductive line to the second conductive line, a second row of radiator antennas electrically coupled to the third conductive line, and a third row of radiator antennas electrically coupled to the fourth conductive line.

Still another aspect of this description relates to a device. The device includes first conductive lines in a first layer, one or more intermediate layers over the first layer, and a plurality of radiator antennas extending through the one or more intermediate layers. The plurality of radiator antennas includes a first row of radiator antennas, a second row of radiator antennas offset from the first row of radiator antennas by a first distance in a top-down view, and a third row of radiator antennas. The first row of radiator antennas is interposed between the second row of radiator antennas and the third row of radiator antennas. The third row of radiator antennas is offset from the first row of radiator antennas by a second distance in the top-down view. The second distance is substantially equal to the first distance. The device further includes second conductive lines in a second layer over the one or more intermediate layers. The plurality of radiator antennas electrically connects the first conductive lines to the second conductive lines.

It will be readily seen by one of ordinary skill in the art that the disclosed embodiments fulfill one or more of the advantages set forth above. After reading the foregoing specification, one of ordinary skill will be able to affect various changes, substitutions of equivalents and various other embodiments as broadly disclosed herein. It is therefore intended that the protection granted hereon be limited only by the definition contained in the appended claims and equivalents thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A device comprising: a feed line and a ground connection element in a first layer; one or more intermediate layers over the first layer; a second layer over the one or more intermediate layers; a first conductive line and a second conductive line in the second layer, wherein the first conductive line and the second conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in a top-down view; and a plurality of radiator antennas extending through the one or more intermediate layers, wherein the plurality of radiator antennas comprises: a first row of radiator antennas, wherein at least one antenna of the first row of radiator antennas electrically couples the first conductive line to the feed line; and a second row of radiator antennas, wherein at least one antenna of the second row of radiator antennas electrically couples the second conductive line to the ground connection element.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of radiator antennas further comprises a third row of radiator antennas electrically coupled to a third conductive line in the second layer, wherein the first conductive line is interposed between the second conductive line and the third conductive line, and wherein the third conductive line and the first conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in the top-down view.
 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the plurality of radiator antennas further comprises a fourth row of radiator antennas electrically coupled to a fourth conductive line in the second layer, wherein the third conductive line is interposed between the first conductive line and the fourth conductive line, and wherein the third conductive line and the fourth conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in the top-down view.
 4. The device of claim 2, wherein a distance between the first conductive line and the third conductive line is between about 1/12 and about 1/10 of a wavelength of radio waves.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein a distance between individual antennas of the first row of radiator antennas is less than or equal to about ⅛ of a wavelength of radio waves.
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein a distance between individual antennas of the first row of radiator antennas is greater than about ⅛ of a wavelength of radio waves.
 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising a shorting element in the second layer, the first row of radiator antennas being electrically coupled to the second row of radiator antennas by the shorting element.
 8. A device comprising: a first conductive line in a first layer; one or more intermediate layers over the first layer; a second layer over the one or more intermediate layers; a second conductive line, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line in the second layer, wherein the second conductive line is interposed between the third conductive line and the fourth conductive line, wherein the second conductive line and the third conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in a top-down view, and wherein the second conductive line and the fourth conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in the top-down view; and a plurality of radiator antennas extending through the one or more intermediate layers, wherein the plurality of radiator antennas comprises: a first row of radiator antennas electrically coupling the first conductive line to the second conductive line; a second row of radiator antennas electrically coupled to the third conductive line; and a third row of radiator antennas electrically coupled to the fourth conductive line.
 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the plurality of radiator antennas further comprises a fourth row of radiator antennas electrically coupled to a fifth conductive line in the second layer, wherein the fourth conductive line is interposed between the second conductive line and the fifth conductive line, and wherein the fifth conductive line and the fourth conductive line are offset and substantially parallel in the top-down view.
 10. The device of claim 9, further comprising a sixth conductive line in the second layer, the first row of radiator antennas being electrically coupled to the third row of radiator antennas by the sixth conductive line.
 11. The device of claim 10, further comprising a seventh conductive line in the first layer, the third row of radiator antennas being electrically coupled to the fourth row of radiator antennas by the seventh conductive line.
 12. The device of claim 8, further comprising a ground connection element in the first layer, the ground connection element being electrically coupled to the second row of radiator antennas.
 13. The device of claim 8, further comprising a shorting element in the second layer, the first row of radiator antennas being electrically coupled to the second row of radiator antennas by the shorting element.
 14. The device of claim 8, wherein each of the plurality of radiator antennas comprises a conductive via.
 15. A device comprising: first conductive lines in a first layer; one or more intermediate layers over the first layer; a plurality of radiator antennas extending through the one or more intermediate layers, wherein the plurality of radiator antennas comprises: a first row of radiator antennas; a second row of radiator antennas offset from the first row of radiator antennas by a first distance in a top-down view; and a third row of radiator antennas, the first row of radiator antennas being interposed between the second row of radiator antennas and the third row of radiator antennas, wherein the third row of radiator antennas is offset from the first row of radiator antennas by a second distance in the top-down view, and wherein the second distance is substantially equal to the first distance; and second conductive lines in a second layer over the one or more intermediate layers, wherein the plurality of radiator antennas electrically connects the first conductive lines to the second conductive lines.
 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the plurality of radiator antennas comprises a fourth row of radiator antennas, the third row of radiator antennas being interposed between the first row of radiator antennas and the fourth row of radiator antennas, wherein the fourth row of radiator antennas is offset from the third row of radiator antennas by a third distance in the top-down view, and wherein the third distance is substantially equal to the second distance.
 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the first conductive lines comprise a feed line, the first row of radiator antennas electrically coupling the feed line to the second conductive lines.
 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the first conductive lines comprise a ground connection element, the second row of radiator antennas electrically coupling the ground connection element to the second conductive lines.
 19. The device of claim 15, wherein the second conductive lines comprise a shorting element, the shorting element electrically coupling the first row of radiator antennas to the second row of radiator antennas.
 20. The device of claim 15, wherein the first row of radiator antennas comprises two or more individual antennas. 